A Day Without Media Essay

In the book â€Å"Amusing Ourselves to Death† the possibility that inundation in what we love will prompt our end is introduced and investigated. In the wake of perusing this book I took it upon myself, as a feature of a class task, to go 24 hours without media. At first I accepted this would be a simple errand however discovered that all in all we are encircled by media in each case of our lives. From vehicle rides, to just strolling around my home I must be attentive to stay away from media that would reset my 24 hour time span. In Postman’s book, â€Å"Amusing Ourselves to Death†, he ponders how the TV carries families to a similar room however makes detachment between them. In my time without media I went through two suppers with my family (a lunch and supper). At both of these social occasions my family talked significantly more than we typically did. While staring at the TV we would â€Å"shush† each other to hear the show, yet without it we examined school, legislative issues, and contentions, for example, sanctioning weed. Glancing back at this I see Postman’s point. We become so centered around the story collapsing out before us that we shut out one another all the while. I additionally saw a similar impact when I was driving with my granddad that night. He expected to convey a present to family and I required driving hours, so I drove the 90 minutes drive. I wasn’t permitted to contact the radio on account of my media break so we talked for that time. I discovered that my nearby granddad, whom I see five times each week, has serious lower leg issue and would get treatment soon thereafter. I like to think I’m near my family, yet this happening without me in any event, thinking about it hit home in me. What amount do we truly think about our friends and family? What basically hasn’t come up in light of the fact that we invest our energy finding out about the new big name prevailing fashions or who wore what where? As I’m staying here tuning in to the radio while composing this I need to consider Postman’s considerations of how interwoven our reality is with media. As he put it, President Taft wouldn’t have been casted a ballot into office in today’s world on the grounds that less individuals would decide in favor of somebody that overweight. By this Postman intends to call attention to how media has contact our lives. Not having the option to utilize my phone to consider individuals or watch the news on TV, contracted myâ world to what I could see, hear, and contact around me. I invested the greater part of my energy in my room perusing books to relax, and when I left my room I just observed my family room, kitchen, and somewhat outside. We depend on TV, radio, and other media to bring us data. Yet, what is never a given is that the data sources we rely upon aren’t one-sided. At the point when suppositions camouflaged as â€Å"facts† are seen with no investigation and fully trusted, we are just making sue do sentiments that aren’t even our own. This impact in our lives accentuates fractures in beliefs, yet in addition can enable gatherings to distort data and deceive others. Perhaps we are not just â€Å"Amusing Ourselves to Death† however Amusing Ourselves to the Death of Ourselves. At the point when I was in center school up till eighth grade I had a companion who used to watch BBC all the time as a kid. I got some information about his discourse examples, and him revealing to me that he even used to have a British intonation! I can likewise identify with these contemplations. At the point when I was littler I used to talk utilizing language structure that wasn’t typical. This was on the grounds that I used to be shielded and not get out a lot. Sesame Street was one of my top picks as a youngster. Relational abilities must be created like whatever else, with training. At the point when I wasn’t presented to individuals talking coolly, I built up a method of talking that didn’t fit with the individuals around me. This is a prime case of Postman’s point. We as another age can’t impart like we ought to have the option to. Innovation has stripped us of that. At the point when most children get don’t realize what to state ne xt in a circumstance, the check their telephones. This is a genuine case of our dependence on media and innovation and shows our subliminal reliance on these gadgets. When you go to your TV today around evening time who or what do you see? What do you realize? What human association do you take an interest in? Mailman makes reference to in his book how through TV we figure out how to interface with individuals. Be that as it may, these individuals we figure out how to cooperate with don’t act like genuine people do. They are on-screen characters, their body developments and word expressing has been arranged out and set bit by bit for them. This implies those entertainers we figure out how to collaborate with, and propensities we gain don’t help us to converse with individuals up close and personal. Whileâ breaking from media I contemplated this at a point. In outline I accept the time I spent without media permitted me to see through Postman’s viewpoint. The idea that the media we love so beyond all doubt is gradually pulverizing us may appear to be over the top from the start, however when further investigated has ground to remain on. We increase social aptitudes, news, conclusions, predisposition, and a focal gathering place for a family from media. Are these positive or negative? Does this media impact our life to the point that it is the principle factor we as a whole stick to? We need to watch ourselves against the negative impacts of this innovation so we are not utilized. That doesn’t mean we cut ourselves off from it totally. In the event that we do that than we are contracting our reality view to that which we can see ourselves. Like everything else in life we should take new media in extent, with an unmistakable brain. In the event that so we might have the option to abstain from â€Å"Amusing Ourselves to Deat h†.

Finding a Reliable Premium Writing Service

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The Old Man And The Sea Essays (725 words) - Fisheries,

The Old Man and the Sea The Old Man and the Sea The book The Old Man and the Sea was composed by Ernest Hemingway. Ernest Hemingway was both an angler and a Nobel Prize victor. The story is set in a little angling town close to the Cuban coast. Hemingways communicates in his tone that he feels sorry for the elderly person. This is demonstrated in light of the fact that he makes reference to everything that the elderly person doesnt have working out in a good way for him and furthermore makes the peruser understand the torment that the elderly person experiences. The perspective in The Old Man and the Sea is from that of the elderly person, Santiago. The Old Man and the Sea is about an old angler named Santiago who imagines that his karma has ran out. Prior to he got old he was a generally excellent fisher and could get a lot of fish. Presently be that as it may he barely ever finds anything. Santiagos youthful companion Manolin used to angle with him yet he needed to stop since his folks needed him to angle with somebody who discovered something ordinary. Following quite a while of not discovering anything, Santiago goes out and gets the biggest fish that he has ever found in his life. He makes some hard memories getting it up and it takes away everything that is in him. He has a considerably harder time getting it back to the town since it is night and the entirety of the sharks are benefiting from it. He can't take care of the eager sharks. Upon at last coming back to the town, he is drained to the point that he can't stress over this fish and goes straightforwardly to his shack and dozes for an amazingly prolonged stretch of time. At the point when he is stir by Manolin, he finds that the fish that he got was demolished by the sharks also, that the entirety of his endeavors were for not. Anyway Manolin supports Santiago to keep angling since he despite everything has a lot to find out about the ocean. Santiago is the primary character in Hemingways The Old Man and the Sea. He is an old angler who appears to have very misfortune at angling despite the fact that when he was more youthful he was a generally excellent angler. Hemingway depicts him by saying, Everything about him was old aside from his eyes and they were sprightly and undefeated. Despite the fact that he is old and poor, he despite everything believes himself to be the top hound. Santiago realizes that he isn't doing quite well yet he despite everything needed to will and the drive to keep angling, which is the thing that he appreciates doing. Despite the fact that the huge marlin that Santiago gets is a creature, it is as yet viewed as one of the principle characters. The whole book is based around his battles with this fish. He came ceaselessly and water poured from his sides. He was splendid in the sun furthermore, his head and back were dull purple, and in the sun, the stripes on his sides indicated wide and light lavender. This is what Santiago sees when he gets his first look at the fish that he has been battling with for three days. Santiago invests such a great amount of energy with the marlin that he really begins to converse with it and call it his sibling. He considers the to be similar to a prevalent being, far and away superior and nobler than man is. Santiago sets up his pride through the code of qualities that he has on the grounds that he is an angler. His experience as an angler gives him the triumph that he prevails upon nature herself in the type of the huge marlin and the sharks. At the point when he happens upon the marlin, he realizes that he probably won't have the option to come back with the entire thing or even any of it. Anyway he keeps on battling the fish. In the wake of battling the fish for three days Santiago at long last leaves away with the biggest triumph of his life. This expands his pride and his fearlessness. He has an inclination that he is lord of the world since he had the option to beat such an extraordinary fish. Santiago shows that man isn't made for rout. A man can be demolished yet, not vanquished. Through the battles of Santiago, Hemingway gives us that we should persevere through extraordinary torment and experience a lot of enduring to arrive at our most significant standards. He discloses to us that no good thing in life just comes to you. You need to work and work so as to get what you need.

A Feminist Critique of Cyrano de Bergerac - Literature Essay Samples

In Edmond Rostand’s play Cyrano de Bergerac, there are few female characters, and even fewer of importance, with Roxanne being the only main female character. However, by taking an in-depth look at how she is portrayed through her actions, speech, and the thoughts of the other characters on her, one can deduce the book’s take on women. The greatest factors of interest taken when assessing the disposition of the novel are Roxane’s displayed intellect, her ability of choice when it came to suitors, and the drastic effect and influence men, through love, had on her. The main thing Roxane has going for her is her looks. She is described by Cyrano as â€Å"A mortal danger, without intention; charming without thought. A trap by nature set, a damask rose in which, close hid in Ambush, Love is lurking! He who has known her smile has known perfection.†(Rostand, 33) While the text shows her as an object of men’s sexual desires, it also gives her a sense of strength, with the power to entrap and therefore have some control, using her gift of beauty as a weapon to ensnare men and get her way. In addition, she is also has a â€Å"subtle wit†(Rostant, 13) to match and is called a â€Å"precieuse†(Rostand, 13) which is a 17th-century term for literary French women who â€Å"affected an extreme care in the use of language(â€Å"Precieuse†). This accounts for her lack of interest of Christian’s plain talk, which lacked eloquence. It also speaks to her intelligence, as does the cunning nature she displayed when she, o n the spot, outwitted de Guiche by altering his letter in order to wed Christian. She also uses her beauty to her advantage in a crafty way, employing it to get through the enemy Spanish lines in order to see Christian and bring the troops food. By means of these actions, she demonstrates that she is more than simply a beauty, unlike Christian. However, this too can be seen as an example of an impossible standard to which, through Cyrano, the author Rostand holds women. Due to Roxane’s alluring nature, she attracted many suitors, namely Cyrano, Christian, and De Guiche. Even though she is deceived by Cyrano and Christian charade, she was able to make her own choices when it came down with who she wanted to be with. The 1890’s, when the book was written, and the mid 17th century, when the play takes place, were very different times for women, and marriage was often about status and the woman’s feelings about the situation were rarely considered. In the beginning of the play, it seemed that Roxane would meet such a fate, with Ligniere expressing to Christian, â€Å"The Comte de Guiche†¦ would marry Roxane to a Monsieur de Valvert, old and dull†¦ She’s not consenting, but De Guiche has power.†(Rostand, 13) This shows the unfortunate reality of the time, exposing the harsh truth. It is only through her strength and wit that she manages to get out of the situation. But, she does and is able to follow her heart and marry Christian. However, just because she found love, does not mean it was best for her. She was completely overcome by the love she felt, and made herself into a fool, completely forgoing the expression of intelligence she had shown earlier on. She risked her life to see Christian at the battlefield, and upon his death, threw her life away. Although she did not, as she wished, kill herself in turn, her withdrawal from society into the convent showed she was ruled by her feelings for a man. This in itself is unfeminist. One may interpret it as a show of her true love, but in reality, it is Cyrano and Christian looming over her and controlling her life, even beyond the grave. Roxane, the beautiful love interest of the play, had her strengths and came off as a more empowered and capable woman than most of the ones who had lived and were portrayed in the time period in which the play takes place. But although it may have been slightly progressive in that sense for its age, it still has sexist tones in the nature of it which overshadow the good. Men are ultimately the downfall for Roxanne, taking her liveliness, her youth, her way of life, and her power. Works Cited Rostand, Edmond. Cyrano De Bergerac. Edited by Oscar H Fidell. Translated by Howard Thayer Kingsbury, Washington Square Press, 1966. â€Å"Precieuse.† Dictionary.com, Dictionary.com, www.dictionary.com/browse/precieuse?s=t.

Global Strategy Global Strategic Management - 1794 Words

Global Strategy Global strategy is a plan developed by an organization with the purpose to growth on a global level and expand international. Global strategy has recently become a very popular area of research in the field of international strategic management. Despite this enthusiasm, however, there exists a great deal of conceptual ambiguity about what a global strategy really means (Ghoshal, 1987; Kobrin, 1991). One of the main purpose of the companies that use the global strategy is to increase sales and reduce costs by going global, usually the companies plan to manufacture in countries where labor costs are low. Businesses with global strategies ensure the coordination of prices and products when going into different markets.†¦show more content†¦International trade can lead companies to lower prices due to the economies of scale. Companies who use a well-planned global strategy are more likely to gain a competitive advantage over its efficiency, such as the access of more customers and markets, lower labor costs and raw materials, and the extension of products lines. Most of the time, global strategy helps for the company reputation and brand identification. Some companies are more successful than others in the global market, some of the drivers that determine the potential of the companies in the globalization markets are the following; cost drivers, customer drivers, competitive drivers and government drivers. The cost drivers are the global scales economies, sourcing efficiencies, high product development costs and the rapid change in the technology. The customers’ drivers are the market drives that determine the global channels, the marketing of the products, and the customer needs. The competitive drivers determine the global competitors, interdependence among countries, trade. The government drivers determine the trade policies, technical standards, and the regulations of the country. Global In the global strategy, the product is the same in all countries. The global strategy sees the world as one market with little local variation and centralized control, and the main strategy is price. The global strategy is very effective when there is little differences between the countries andShow MoreRelatedCorporate and Global Strategy: Strategic Management3676 Words   |  15 Pagesamp; Global Strategy Hemis Code: 5J3060 UNIT HANDBOOK 2011/2012 Tutors: Maria Allen Room 901d 0161 247 6527 m.allen@mmu.ac.uk Carole Forbes Room 901a 0161 247 3830 c.forbes@mmu.ac.uk Dr. Panagiotis Kokkalis Room 808a 0161 247 6641 p.kokkalis@mmu.ac.uk Rationale Strategic management has become an integral mechanism for firms operating in the global economy, which is characterised by its high level of integration and cross-national operation. Strategic management issuesRead MoreIssues in Global Business1296 Words   |  6 PagesModule Title Issues in Global Business and Strategic Concepts       Module Code 6IM 501      Module Level 6 Credit value 40      Total Number 400 of Learning Hours Key Words Implementation of Global strategy, strategy and the organisation, strategic development, globalisation, international business and the environment, internationalisation.      Module Description There has been a fundamental shiftRead MoreWeekly Reflection1188 Words   |  5 Pagesdoes not have a strategic plan in periods of catastrophic events. The problem is the train is completely off the original course after clearing the accident scene. A strategic plan with focus on long-term business objectives is important, especially in the event of a crisis. In this paper the subject is a discussion of this week’s objectives among Learning Team C. The discussion includes sustainability of long-term business operations, how global markets affect business strategy, and a long-termRead MoreGlobal Strategic Management Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Strategic Management Executive Summary In the international competitive environment, the ability of an organization to develop a transnational organizational capability is the key factor that can help the firm adapt to the changes in the dynamic environment. As the fast rate of globalization renders the traditional ways of doing business irrelevant, it is vital for managers to have a global mindset to be effective. Globalization of business has led to the emergence of global strategicRead More1. Abstract . We Have Little Knowledge About The Report,1693 Words   |  7 Pages1. ABSTRACT We have little knowledge about the report, we are discussing about the global talent management (GTM) and the role of the corporate human resource function in multinational corporations. International mobility its new forms, increased global talents hunting are the two perspectives of GTM. GTM discusses and considered primarily about the mechanisms and following the willingness to enter the emerging markets using organisational ability to maintain or managing the talents. These issuesRead MoreQuality Management775 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Quality Management on Domestic and Global Competition Paper Effects of Quality Management on Domestic and Global Competition Paper Quality Management within any organization is important because it will guide the organization to success. The goal that the organization is looking to accomplish will heavily depend on what quality of service is offered to the customers. Managers, who provide quality service will increase the level of satisfaction to the customersRead More Able Corporation Business Plan Report841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Strategic Plan of Able Limited a subsidiary company of Walden International details goals for the next ten years. The plan also encompasses the strategies to achieve our initiative of breaking and leading in the global market and measures by which we will evaluate our progress. This plan is created in consideration of all our stakeholders. The plan will be updated yearly which will enable us to give account of our achievements, need for modification on new mission requirements and how to improveRead MoreHow Can Mtv Maintain Their Global Success Through Their Global Strategy an d Corporate Governance?1513 Words   |  7 Pagestheir global success through their global strategy and corporate governance? Learning goals: 1. Define global strategy and explain different types. Give examples and pro’s and cons. (Do not only explain the 4 strategies but also look in to the axes) A global strategy is a strategy that can be used when a company decides to expand their operations abroad to achieve competitive advantage and superior profitability. It defines a company s strategic guide to globalization. A global strategyRead MoreStrategic Marketing844 Words   |  4 PagesREGISTRATION:____________________________________________________ PROGRAMME: Edexcel BTEC Level 7 Professional Diploma in Strategic Management and Leadership UNIT NO/TITLE: Unit 07 / Strategic Marketing Management ASSIGNMENT NO: 1 of 2 Individual Credit Value: 10 Learning Outcomes: * Understand the principles of strategic marketing management * Understand the tools used to develop a strategic marketing strategy * Be able to respond to changes in the marketing environment Issue Date: Due Date:Read MoreStrategic Planning, Development, And Implementation Of The Organization s Goals And Objectives1427 Words   |  6 PagesStrategic Management Abstract Strategic managementis the planning, development, and implementation of the organization’s goals and objectives by senior management in regard to the company’s internal and external resources. Strategic management also involves examining the competitors and comparing them to identify which ways to be better than them. An organization should look at their strengths and weakness and compare them against those of their competitors. It should also search for opportunities

My Nursing Ethic - 1237 Words

Community Boundaries Understanding cultural issues among the community can improve health based on needs of the community. Choosing appropriate methods of care is challenging in implementing an educational plan. It is important for the health care providers to develop skills and knowledge when caring for people from other cultures. Assessments should include understanding strengths, weakness, resources and needs of the community. Hispanics form a large part of ethnic minority in the United States. The Hispanic populations have diverse ethnic origin and have low socio- economic and educational levels when compared to other ethnic groups in the United States. The health of Hispanic communities begins with analysis of how Hispanic families†¦show more content†¦K., amp; ALDANA, A. (2010). Looking Beyond Affordable Health Care: Cultural Understanding and Sensitivity- Necessities in Addressing the Health Care Disparities of the U.S. Hispanic Population.. Health Marketing Quarterly, 27(4), 354-387. doi:10.1080/07359683.2010.519990 Fernandez, V. M., amp; Fernandez, K. M . (2005). Hispanic. Transcultural Nursing: Basic Concepts amp; Case Studies. Retrieved April 21, 2011, from http://www.culturediversity.org/index.html Ohio university fact sheets. Understanding Hispanic Culture. Retrieved from http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/5237.html Operations Manual for Hispanic Community –Based Organizations (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/CARE/library/hispanic_community-based_orgs.pdf Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2008) Hispanic Work-Related Death retrieved on October 15,2011. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/2008/t080605.htm CHARISMA (2010) retrieved from http://www.charismamag.com/index.php/news/28279-groups-mobilize-hispanic-churches-around-national-adoption-effort- Clutter, A. amp; Nieto, R. (n.d.)Understanding the Hispanic Culture. Retrieved October 14, 2011. http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/5237.html Council for Hispanic Ministries. (n.d.). Retrieved October 14, 2011, from www.ucc.org:Show MoreRelatedMy Nursing Ethics Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: MY PROFESSIONAL MORAL COMPASS My Professional Moral Compass Marie Panao NRS 437V-0103 December 1, 2012 My Professional Moral Compass The code of ethics is an important part of the nursing foundation where nurses are directed to practice with compassion and respect for human dignity, responsibility, accountability, confidentiality and patient safety (ANARead MoreA Careful and Meaningful Consideration of my Journey in Nursing Ethics1614 Words   |  7 PagesSystem, the patient, and the Healthcare provider. For a safe and effective nursing practice, a proper knowledge and understanding of nursing code of ethics, the definitions, concepts and principles of all stakeholders need to be recognized. My journey in Nursing Ethics has provided me with an opportunity to think over some of my life and clinical practice situations and relating whatever has been learnt to future nursing practices. Critical reflection analysis has helped me to identify some practiceRead MorePersonal Statement : Professional Moral Compass987 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Ethics is a comprehension of the way of contentions emerging from good goals and how best we may manage those (Noble, 2007). Morals does not choose what is ethically right or wrong; rather it considers how we ought to act better in the light of our obligations and commitments as moral agents (Noble, 2007). We are all molded by our own encounters, recollections, feelings, and learning influencing our observations, thinking and judgment of individuals and circumstances. These elementsRead MoreRational Ethics Or Relational Ethics942 Words   |  4 PagesToday, the whole world is in dilemma whether to implement rational ethics or relational ethics in decision making process. Rationalists believe that there exist universal truths, independent from humans that can be known through the process of reasoning. Whereas relational ethics asks the question â€Å"what should I do now?’ rather than â€Å"this is what you should do now†. It is developed and expressed through connec tion with people rather than right (Bergum, 1998). Especially, when it comes to healthRead MoreMy Professional Moral Compass730 Words   |  3 PagesRunning head: MY PROFESSIONAL MORAL COMPASS My Professional Moral Compass Pamela Chesnut Grand Canyon University Ethical Decision Making in Health Care NRS 437V July 26, 2012 My Professional Moral Compass A professional moral compass is something everyone has and lives by. It helps assist in making decisions and is based on morals or virtues. My personal moral compass is directed by various inspirations, passions, and values that I try to live by. Compassion, loyaltyRead MorePersonal Ethics974 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal ethics What personal, cultural, and spiritual values contribute to your worldview and philosophy of nursing? How do these values shape or influence your nursing practice? Ethics and values form the basis of nursing. Nurses provide nursing care by preventing illness, reducing suffering and promoting restoration of health in individuals, families, societies and communities. Nursing involves technical skills and abilities, duty and service to others with compassion and efficient decision-makingRead MoreThe American Nurses Association1130 Words   |  5 Pagesprovide care to many individuals whom have their own unique set of ethics, values, morals, and beliefs by which may be very different from our own. Because of our professional role, we must use lifelong learning as a tool to broaden our views, increase our knowledge, and understand the influences which affect it. To make this possible, we have to continually educate ourselves about the nursing laws, professional standards, and code of ethics all of which we are committed to. American Nurses AssociationRead MoreNursing Ethics1477 Words   |  6 PagesNursing Ethics Why am I here? As a nurse, the cornerstone of my vocation is that of healing and comforting. As a human being first and as a nurse, I have always had a burning desire to perfect nature. This, I have shared with other scientists who have gone great lengths in their methodical pursuit of useful knowledge to make their dreams real. I have always endeavored to shield scientific inquiry from utilitarian purposes (Presidents Council on Bio-Ethics, 2009). 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However, while this is relatively easy in theory, ethics is not a black and white subject and often one’s culture, upbringingRead MoreNational Council Of State Board Of Nursing868 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the website of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing it states, â€Å"Because nursing care poses a risk of harm to the public if practiced by professionals who are unprepared or incompetent, the state, through its police powers, is required to protect its citizens from harm.† This statement is very significant because it simply states the basis of why there is a State Board of Nursing, it is to regulate nursing practice. It is imperative that p atients are protected from harm and

Hotel Organizational Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Identify the business objectives of your Organisation and what Strategies have been Implemented to meet these Objectives. 2.Identify and analyse the value of Interrelationships between various internal and external Stakeholders to achieve your departments Objectives. 3.Demonstrate understanding of the hospitality, events tourism Industrys requirements for employment selection process. Answers: 1.The ParkRoyal Darling Harbor hotel is one of the prime properties on the Darling harbor. It is one of the best hotels in the harbor and seeks to provide superior facilities to its employees. The hotel seeks to provide superior dining and lodging facilities to its clients (Kandampully, Zhang Bilgihan, 2015). The organizational goal of the hotel is to gain the best market share through customer satisfaction (Parkroyalhotels.com, 2017). It offers a number or rooms and suites according to the needs of the consumers. The hotel has premier dining and lodging facilities along with the all the modern amenities to suit the consumers from different backgrounds. The ParkRoyal seeks to provide all the facilities to the consumers and tourists coming from the different backgrounds. The Hotel seeks to provide complete fulfillment to clients during their stay with the facilities they offer. The organizational goal of the hotel can be fulfilled only through consumer satisfaction and for that, the hotel seeks to provide the consumers with the best experience during their stay in the hotel (Radojevic, Stanisic Stanic, 2015). The hotel gives the best facilities to the clients and the representatives and hotel employees provide support to the clients. The hotel employees are trained to provide the best service to ensure customer satisfaction. The dining experience is a very important part of the customers stay at the hotel and it seeks to ensure a superior dining experience. The raw materials used to prepare the food are of superior quality and all the safety and health standards are met to ensure the safety and satisfaction of the clients. The food and beverage department of The ParkRoyal maintains the standards of the cleanliness and standards of the Food Standards Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ) (Lang Heasman, 2015). The hotel focuses on providing the healthiest diet to clients at a reasonable price. The chefs and the employees of the food and beverage department of the hotel seek to serve the clients to enhance the experience of their stay at The ParkRoyal. The dining area of the hotel is aesthetically pleasing and provides the consumers with a place of comfortable dining. The employees are trained and devoted to serve the clients with utmost enthusiasm. The clients have the option to use the dining space or use the room dining facility if they are staying at the hotel. The hotel also under takes an aggressive advertizing policy and a number of extra services and facilities to make the stay of the clients more pleasurable and hassle free (Dabestani, et al., 2016). The management of the hotel also ensures that the loyal clients get perks like free upgrades and breakfasts during the stay. The employees of the hotel are available at call always so that the clients can use their services any time they need. Thus, The ParkRoyal is prime hotel of the Darling Harbor providing a luxurious stay and is easily accessible due to easy transport access. It has become on the prime hotel because of its unparalleled hospitality and dining experience. 2.The hospitality industry is one is completely dependent on consumer satisfaction and for its sustenance in the market. The stakeholders of an organization are people who benefit from its operation be it the employees management or the consumers (Dedeo?lu Demirer 2015). The stakeholders are the major contributors to the success of any organization. The stakeholders of an organization may be internal or external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders are the people serving the organization, that is, the people managing the organization or working for the organization. In case of the ParkRoyal, they are the management of the hotel and the various employees from the vales to the desk manager (Yildiz, 2015). The external stakeholders are the people who avail the service of the organization like the clients and consumers (Henisz, 2017). The ParkRoyals external stakeholders are the diners and clients staying at the hotel. In the hospitality industry, the communication between the clients an d the service providers is of utmost importance as it is the factor, which decides the success of the business. The ParkRoyal needs to focus on developing the effective communication to fulfill its organizational goals of providing the best dining and accommodation facilities on the Darling Harbor in Australia. The hospitality industry thrives on the effective communication between the service providers and consumers. To provide better facilities the employees of the hotel need to understand the needs and requirements of the clients of the hotel. The prime focus of the hotel is to provide better facilities to the clients so every needs of there are looked after. The effective communication is also needed to get proper consumer feedbacks regarding their stay in the hotel. Since the hotel is located in one the prime tourist and business location of the country, it attracts visitors from the entire world with different cultural and ethnic backgrounds. The demand of these consumers for personal experience varies according to their requirements. To fit into the cultural roles and to understand the consumers properly the communication should be good between the internal and external stakeholders. If the consumer needs any extra facilities, they can communicate that earlier and the hotel tries to provide them with the facility making their stay more satisfactory. The internal and external stakeholders communication strategies help in devising plans for better execution of the improvement plans of the hotel. The different strategies require effective planning to be implemented in the hotel. The ParkRoyal needs to communicate its strategies and communicate to their employees the effective ways to deal with the clients according to the norms and policies of the hotel (Farooq, Rupp Farooq, 2017). Since the on desk employees deal and communicate with the clients the most, they need to push the issues brought forward by the clients to the management. The management needs to take action on the issues they see fit and gather feedback of the feasibility of their strategies. Thus the communication is extremely important between the internal and external stakeholders for the success of a hospitality business like The ParkRoyal which depends on consumer review and satisfaction. 3.Hospitality and tourism industry focus on the selection process in an appropriate manner to identify the skilled employees. In the context of ParkRoyal Darling harour hotel Sydney they needs skilled employees in their food and beverage departments. Candidates should have good knowledge about the food and beverage in order to work in this department (Tar et al. 2017). On the other hand, they should have proper knowledge in dining department set up. They need to gather knowledge regarding the hygiene. Effective communication must be required for the candidates who will be selected for the food and beverage section in a hospitality sector. Key performance competencies are crucial for the hospitality sectors to enhance their success in the global market. However, one of the major elements of key performance competencies in the hospitality sectors is the accuracy of the employees. In the context of ParkRoyal Darling harour hotel Sydney they need more accountable employees who are able to monitor the each aspect of the food and beverage department. On the other hand, good English communication is another key element for the hospitality sector to bring success in this industry (Bruni et al. 2017). In the context of, ParkRoyal Darling harbor hotel Sydney good communication will help the employees to achieve competencies and meet the objectives of the customers. In the context of ParkRoyal Darling harour hotel Sydney, food and beverage operation includes purchasing of the product, receiving, storing, issuing, preparing, presenting, serving and consuming of the products. However, from the management perspective it is important to maintain the standard of the food and beverage is crucial in food and beverage departments (Belias et al. 2017). The management of ParkRoyal Darling harbor hotel Sydney needs to give their focus on the process of preparation and serving the food. It is crucial for the managers of food and beverage department to carry out their responsibility properly and maintain the process through which a quality, fresh and hygienic food can be supplied. It is the prime responsibility of the management department to understand the customer feedbacks in the hospitality industry and serve the food as per their needs and demand. As per the employability trend in Australia it has been found that there is a huge demand of the female candidates in Australian hospitality sectors (Andreu et al. 2017). On the other hand, in U.S the employability trend focuses on the skill of the employees mainly in case of both male and female in the hospitality sectors. In Southeast Asia a significant growth in the employment has been noticed in the hospitality sectors. However, in many countries as for example, in U.S the hospitality sectors have started to reform the salary structure of the employees to improve their employability trend. Hospitality sector is the fast moving sector thus, in order to recruit skilled employees hospitality industries in many countries have reformed the salary structure of the employees. Establishment of a professional network association will be helpful for the Australian hospitality sectors will be helpful to get skilled employees (Armenski et al. 2017). One of the popular professional association network is CDAA established in Australia. This allows the individuals to get employment in various professional sectors. In the context of ParkRoyal Darling harour hotel Sydney recruiting candidates via this professional network will be helpful for this organization to get good skilled employees. On the other hand, the organization can also establish their own professional network, which also allows the employees to refer good candidates in an organization. In order to develop the personal skill it is crucial for the individuals to make an audit and identify their skill gap. However, an audit will be helpful for the manger of ParkRoyal Darling harour hotel Sydney to strengthen their personal skill. In order to audit the strength of the individuals it is important to implement of the training program for the personal development. On the other hand, identification of the area of excellence of the individuals is another strategy, which helps the individuals to develop them personally (Bruni et al. 2017). In the context of ParkRoyal Darling harour hotel Sydney, the manger of food and beverage department can identify their area of excellence by conducting a competitive analysis with other staffs. Interrelationship is a process, which allows the individuals to make a clear interaction with their co-workers in the workplace (Armenski et al. 2017). In the context of ParkRoyal Darling harbor hotel Sydney establishment of an interrelationship between the internal stakeholders by using effective communication will help them to carry out a collaborative work. Hence, a unity will be established in the team that develops a common business objective among the stakeholders. This will enable the stakeholders to support others decision and meet the business objectives. References Andreu, R., Claver, E. and Quer, D., 2017. Foreign market entry mode choice of hotel companies: Determining factors.International Journal of Hospitality Management,62, pp.111-119. Armenski, T., Dwyer, L. and Pavlukovi?, V., 2017. Destination Competitiveness: Public and Private Sector Tourism Management in Serbia.Journal of Travel Research, p.0047287517692445. Belias, D., Trivellas, P., Koustelios, A., Serdaris, P., Varsanis, K. and Grigoriou, I., 2017. Human Resource Management, Strategic Leadership Development and the Greek Tourism Sector. InTourism, Culture and Heritage in a Smart Economy(pp. 189-205). Springer, Cham. Bruni, A., Cassia, F. and Magno, F., 2017. Marketing performance measurement in hotels, travel agencies and tour operators: a study of current practices.Current Issues in Tourism,20(4), pp.339-345. Dabestani, R., Shahin, A., Saljoughian, M., Shirouyehzad, H. (2016). Importance-performance analysis of service quality dimensions for the customer groups segmented by DEA: The case of four star hotels.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,33(2), 160-177. Dedeo?lu, B. B., Demirer, H. (2015). Differences in service quality perceptions of stakeholders in the hotel industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(1), 130-146. Farooq, O., Rupp, D. E., Farooq, M. (2017). The multiple pathways through which internal and external corporate social responsibility influence organizational identification and multifoci outcomes: The moderating role of cultural and social orientations.Academy of Management Journal,60(3), 954-985. Henisz, W. J. (2017).Corporate diplomacy: Building reputations and relationships with external stakeholders. Routledge. Kandampully, J., Zhang, T., Bilgihan, A. (2015). Customer loyalty: a review and future directions with a special focus on the hospitality industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(3), 379-414. Lang, T., Heasman, M. (2015).Food wars: The global battle for mouths, minds and markets. Routledge. Parkroyalhotels.com. (2017).Parkroyalhotels.com. Retrieved 27 November 2017, from https://www.parkroyalhotels.com/content/dam/pr/PR%20Darling%20Harbour/homepage/hero/PARKROYAL%20Darling%20Harbour%20Sydney%20-%20Media%20Kit%20October%202017.pdf Radojevic, T., Stanisic, N., Stanic, N. (2015). Ensuring positive feedback: Factors that influence customer satisfaction in the contemporary hospitality industry.Tourism Management,51, 13-21. Tar, J.J., Pereira-Moliner, J., Pertusa-Ortega, E.M., Lpez-Gamero, M.D. and Molina-Azorn, J.F., 2017. Does quality management improve performance or vice versa? Evidence from the hotel industry.Service Business,11(1), pp.23-43. Yildiz, . (2015). Internal Communication Function and Hotel ProductivityA Comparative Study.American International Journal of Contemporary Research,5(3), 45-54

Legalized Marijuana Essays - Cannabis, Medicine, Herbalism

Legalized Marijuana Marijuana Controversy: America is the land of the free and the foundation of democracy. This countries foundation is based on the fact that an individual can enjoy freedom from oppression and the minoritys opinions can be heard along with the majoritys. Our government is designed to be fair and open minded, to be a servant to the people it governs. Unfortunately once an opinion is placed into the collective mind of society, it is a struggle to alter that opinion through argument and information. The opinion in our country on the subject of marijuana use has always been a sensitive issue, open to debate and sparking many controversial questions and moral issues. The same questions come up time and time again when the debate starts. What are the effects on marijuana on the body? Does marijuana create a desire to try more potent substances? Is the resistance society places on the use of marijuana costing the taxpayers more than it is worth? What is the reasoning behind our decision to generally view marijuana as a bad substance worthy of resistance? And even though most hesitate to admit it isnt marijuana already a part of our culture and a major factor in the identity of multiple generations of Americans? So many questions surround the issue, likely they will not go away in the near Rubish 2 future. Marijuana is not a threat to our society, other than opinions that have been generalized into our cultural beliefs of right and wrong, we have much more productive ways to spend our tax dollars. Marijuana has never been proven to have any long term medical effects that are detrimental. Cigarettes, alcohol, and various drugstore stimulants should be of more concern than marijuana. The opinions that have been formed about marijuana are based on racist beliefs and also circumstantial moments in history. Supporters of the legalization of marijuana have valid arguments and can not be ignored forever. These people are becoming a strong voice in our society and can not be ignored. We have facilitated this with our blood and hard work in the creation and defending of our constitution. The first issue to be confronted is that of the effects of marijuana on the body. The physiological effects of marijuana on the body are not very strong. It would actually take 20,000 to 40,000 times the normal dose to kill a human being. There is no documented case of a death caused by marijuana overdose. The only noticeable effect on the body is the slight increase in heart beat, depending on the dose amount. The increase in blood pressure also usually creates bloodshot eyes. The mouth tends to dry out and the user has an urge to drink water. All of the other effects that could be related to marijuana use are inconsistent so cannot be directly linked to the substance (Model 15). Many people would argue saying that marijuana has long term long term effects on the body and marijuana effect a persons ability to drive making him a danger to others? These arguments can be addressed with information from cultural anthropologist Charles Levinthol as referenced in Michael Massings article in The Nation. There is Rubish 3 no evidence that marijuana is habit forming or that users suffer from withdrawal symptoms. Long term users do not suffer from increased heart diseases or any other visible signs of health problems. About the only proven long term effect is short term memory loss, and this is only while the person is under the influence of the substance. A perfect example of the long term effects of heavy marijuana use can be seen by looking at the Rastafarians, Costa Ricans and the Greeks. These people tend to have a more accepting attitude of marijuana use in their daily lives. When these groups were studied for adverse effects none could be found, other than a slight decrease in pulmonary functions (massing 6). As for the effects on the driver, marijuana can in high doses cause hallucinations. This is only in cases where doses 10 times the normal joint is smoked. This is also very rare and only happens to a small percentage of people who smoke. The person who is at the average level of

Interventions For Substance Abuse Amongst Young People The WritePass Journal

Interventions For Substance Abuse Amongst Young People INTRODUCTION Interventions For Substance Abuse Amongst Young People , 20,688 young people accessed substance misuse services, with the majority of this number accessing services for abuse of cannabis (64%) or alcohol (29%) (National Drug Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). Over half of the users were aged 16 to 18 (53%), whilst the rest were aged under 16 (National Drug Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). About two thirds (64%) of the young people who accessed specialist substance misuse services in 2010-11 were male.   Overall, females accessing substance misuse services for young people are younger with 19% of males aged under 15 years compared to 27% of females. Almost   half   of   the   young   people   entering   specialist   substance   misuse   services   are   recorded   as   being   in mainstream   education, such   as   schools   and   further   education   colleges,   followed   by   a   further   19%   in alternative   education, such   as   schooling   delivered   in   a   pupil   referral   unit   or   home   setting.   A further 19% are recorded as not in education or employment.   However, it should be noted that education   and   employment   status   was   reported for only new   young   people   entering   specialist   services   during the year. Therefore, the total will be lower than that of all young people (National Drug Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). Referrals to drug and alcohol treatment services commonly come from youth offending teams, although around 14% of referrals come from mainstream education institutions and 7% are made up of self-referrals. Perhaps surprisingly referrals from the Child and Adolescent Mental Health service (CAHMS) make up only 3% of referrals (National Drug Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). These figures paint a perhaps surprising picture. For example, more young people are referred to specialist drug and alcohol services from mainstream education than specialist educational centres, suggesting that substance abuse could be far rifer amongst young people as might be expected. It could be argued that failure of school authorities to take a more effective preventative approach to drug and alcohol abuse may be contributing to the overall problem. These figures also suggest that immediate attention and intervention must be offered to young people to reduce negative outcomes associated with such high drug use. The statistics reveal that there is a high rate of drug and substance abuse among young people in the UK. The high of level concern about the use of illicit drugs and substances has an effect on health, educational and political discussions in the UK. The government’s national strategy for ten years on drug misuse views young people as a critical priority group in need of quick prevention and treatment intervention (Keegan and Moss, 2008) and recognises the need to improve our understanding of the role played by illicit drugs and substances in the lives of such young people. Educators, health practitioners and policy makers should have comprehensive understanding when it comes to discussions involving the abuse of illicit drugs. For example, the Government must take into account factors such as a lack of understanding amongst young people as to the laws that govern different classes of illegal drugs. Abuse of alcohol and other drugs leads to the destruction of cognitive and emotional development in young people and exposes them to an increased possibility of accidental injury or even death. Finally, there is also a risk of users becoming drug dependent. Abuse of drugs and alcohol by young people can also lead to such negative consequences as coronary heart diseases, lung cancer, AIDS, violent crime, child abuse and unemployment (Gurnack, Atkinson Osgood, 2002). As a result, individuals indulging in the use of alcohol and other drugs incur tremendous costs in their individual lives, their family lives and even their future careers. Society is also not exempt as it pays a price in different ways. For instance, society incurs extra costs in health care, drug and alcohol treatment, law enforcement and supporting the seriously affected families who have been rendered helpless by the situation. There are many reasons why young people become involved in substance abuse. From a sociology perspective it has been argued that the recreational abuse of drugs has become ‘normalised’ (Parker, Measham and Aldridge, 1995) among certain groups of young people. However, Shiner and Newburn (1997) have argued that this theory is reductionist and simplifies the reasons behind a young person’s choice to abuse drugs. In reality, the reasons as to why a young person may begin to abuse drugs can range from having poor adult role models who may also use drugs and alcohol as a way of coping or even a genetic predisposition toward poor self-regulatory behaviours (Spooner and Hall, 2002). Evidence shows that adolescent alcohol and drug abuse is not influenced by a single factor but a large number of factors which are not necessarily confined to any single part of the an adolescent’s world (Connors, Donovan DiClemente, 2001). Environment The environment in which a person lives is very instrumental when it comes to the kind of life that people lead, especially young people. If the environment is for example characterized by pronounced unemployment then young people in such an environment will indulge in activities that make them forget even for a moment the realities of the unemployment situation. If, for example, in their immediate environment young people face the situation of a large supply of drugs and everyone around them is abusing drugs or alcohol, then it is easy for such young people to adopt this kind of lifestyle and become drink or drug abusers. The above explanation shows that the kind of environment a young person stays in has a very direct influence on the habits that are finally adopted by this group of young people. Curiosity Young people naturally have the tendency to try new things and to find out how it feels doing something new.   Young people in the United Kingdom are not an exception and most of them usually try drinking and drugs just to explore and find out what the experience is like. This however results in the young people becoming victims of the consequences that follow (Woo and Keatinge, 2008). The Defence Mechanism A good number of young people use drugs specifically to assist them in easing trauma that may result from unsatisfactory relationships and also physical or emotional abuse that may arise from families or homes that lack happiness. Promotion and Availability There is always a great amount of pressure from advertisement of alcohol over the media. The colourful nature of these promotions is often very enticing and mostly misleading. In the promotions or commercials, alcohol is glamorised hence the young people are influenced to indulge and as a result end up facing the dire consequences. This review will analyse the different interventions utilised when working with young people who abuse drugs and alcohol. These include those carried out by mental health workers, religion-orientated interventions, community based interventions and more psychiatric, medication based interventions. Motivational based interventions are also discussed. Aims and Objectives The aim of this project will be to review and critically evaluate the literature regarding different interventions for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol in the UK. To achieve this aim the project has set the following objectives: To critically examine the interventions for young people (aged 16 to 21) who use drugs and alcohol in UK, with the aim of providing recommendations to improve the care given to the youths who are addicted or at risk of substance abuse. To use secondary data to identify the importance of different interventions in dealing with young people (age 16 to 21) who use drugs and alcohol in the UK. Rationale Interventions for young people aged 16 to 21 who use drugs and alcohol has elicited varied opinions from professionals involved in their care. This has been a result of the often complex and varied needs of young people with substance abuse issues, such as mental health issues (Weaver et al., 2003), social exclusion (Fakhoury and Priebe, 2006) and involvement with the criminal justice system (Hamdi and Knight, 2012; Lundholm et al., 2013). Therefore, there is often disagreement on where the intervention should focus primarily. Various strategies have been advanced to address the involvement of young adults in drugs and substance abuse. For example, medication by mental health nurses in cases of addiction (Bennett and Holloway, 2005). However, due to the variety of interventions available for treating young people with substance abuse disorder, it is important to continuously review the literature in this area and pin point the most effective interventions for treating this group of individuals. [Client must write some words here on why they have chosen this topic (this is essential according to the assignment brief).] SEARCH STRATEGY In preparation for this critical literature review, a number of sources including journals, articles and health text books were used. The search was conducted using computerised databases which enabled access to literature on interventions for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol. Examples of such databases are given below: The Department of Health NHS Evidence (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2012). PsycINFO (American Psychological Association, 2013). PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2013). Google Scholar (Google, 2013). net (EMAP Publishing, 2013). Nursing and Midwifery Council publications (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2010). Royal College of Psychiatrists useful resources (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2013). Royal College of Nursing library services (Royal College of Nursing, 2013). These databases contained numerous useful sources such as journal articles, recommendations, guidelines and reviews that were used to gather evidence relevant to interventions for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol. Search terms used included; ‘drugs and substance abuse’, ‘alcohol abuse’, ‘effects of alcohol abuse’, and ‘intervention measures for drugs and substance abuse[1]’. It was not uncommon for a search to produce many results. Therefore, for any search that produced more than 50 results, the first 50 results were observed to pick out the most relevant and interesting studies. The remaining results were not looked at because of time constraints[2]. In addition to searching for relevant sources through online databases, reference lists within articles were also utilised to search for other relevant sources. Inclusion Criteria For an effective review of the subject area, there was a need to select relevant articles to achieve the set objectives. Therefore, only sources relevant to intervention for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol, papers published in the English language and papers published after the year 1999 were selected. Although sources pertaining to studies carried out in the USA were still considered relevant, a priority was given to sources from the UK. If a source had used an adult sample but was still considered relevant and useful then it was considered for inclusion. Exclusion Criteria General papers on drugs and substance abuse not specific to youths, papers published in languages other than English and published before the year 1999 were not included. An example search strategy when using one of these sources, the British Nursing Index, is given below. Search Strategy Example: British Nursing Index (BNI). Through citing the term ‘intervention for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol’, 5,000 articles were gathered without limiters. Limiters such as ‘role of mental health nurses’ and ‘only book and journals concerned with drugs and substance abuse’ were applied to the second search, which reduced the output to 2,034 books and journals. In the third search, additional limiters such as year of publication (2000-2012) were applied, which then reduced the number of books and journals to 734. After all further limiters were applied, such as articles that only used an age group of 16 to 21 years as participants, 70 journals and books were chosen for further analysis. Only 23 articles were considered relevant for this review and analysis due to their in depth exploration of the subject and their meeting of inclusion and exclusion criteria. LITERATURE REVIEW Interventions for substance abuse serve a number of purposes including reducing use of illicit or non-prescribed drugs and curbing problems related to drug misuse, including health, social, psychological and legal problems and last but not least tackling the dangers associated with drug misuse, including the risks of HIV, hepatitis B and C and other blood-borne infections and the risks of drug-related death. Prevention and intervention are usually categorised into primary (direct prevention), secondary (early identification of the problem and subsequent treatment) and tertiary levels (late identification and treatment). Furthermore, interventions are now often categorised into population wide interventions, selective interventions aimed at only high risk groups and early interventions for at-risk groups (Cuijpers, 2003). The nature of interventions has also evolved over the years. Twenty to thirty years ago the emphasis was on providing young people with information and buffering moral values whereas in the more modern era, a social dimension has been added and young people are taught resistance skills to avoid peer pressure (Gilvarry, 2000). Alcohol related deaths are rife in the UK, with 8,748 alcohol related deaths in the UK in 2011 (Office for National Statistics, 2013). However, there were 1,883 noted drug related deaths in 2010, a decrease of 299 from 2009 (Ghodse et al. 2012). These statistics reflect the importance of interventions for drug abusers, which could be protecting some individuals from the most extreme consequence of substance abuse. Mental Health Interventions Research has evidenced that Major Depressive Disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) is often co-morbid in young people who abuse drugs and alcohol (Sutcliffe et al., 2009; Marshall and Werb, 2010; Marmorstein, Iacono and Malone, 2010). Due to the potentially devastating effects of depression at both the individual (Galaif et al., 2011; Petrie and Brook, 2011) and societal level (Sobocki et al., 2006), substance abuse is viewed as something that must be dealt with swiftly and effectively. This co-morbidity of mental illness and substance abuse means that mental health nurses are often involved in interventions with young people. Mental illness is a psychological anomaly that is generally associated with distress or disability that is usually not considered to be a component of an individual’s normal development (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). Despite the fact that standard guideline criteria are used all over the world to define mental illness, diagnosis and i ntervention is often incredibly complex, especially when substance abuse is also a factor. Community services are offered to people with such problems through assessment by different psychiatrists and clinical psychologists, or sometimes social workers. All these professionals use methods of observation and inquiries through asking questions to help establish any given patient’s condition. Mental health nurses are often at the front line in providing care and support in both hospitals and the community. In the United Kingdom, mental health nurses play a great role in taking care of young people with mental disorders and mental illnesses that may have developed as a result of substance abuse (Department of Health, 2012). They offer counselling services in order to help people focus on their goals or outcomes; help people develop strategies that support self-care and enable individuals and their families to take responsibility for and participate in decisions about their health. They provide a range of services including education, research and knowledge sharing and e vidence informed practices. They also perform the role of addiction counsellors in order to provide intake co-ordination, assessment, treatment and follow-up care for youths with addictions, mental illness and mental health problems using common assessment tools. They can provide health promotion, prevention and early detection of problematic substance use; use core competencies and knowledge in addictions and a full range of withdrawal management services including detoxification services using best practice treatment protocols, outreach, prescribing, counselling, and harm reduction However, mental health nurses are often faced with challenges that hinder them from successfully achieving their goals. Challenges include non co-operation of the patients’ families and also the complex nature of patient problems (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). In a comprehensive review, RachBeisel, Scott and Dixon (1999) found that there was a much higher prevalence of substance abuse amongst individuals with mental illness and that the course of mental illness was significantly negatively influenced by the abuse of illegal substances. These findings highlight a key issue in mental health interventions for young people who abuse substances, namely that it is important to determine the relationship between the substance abuse and mental illness before allocating a suitable intervention. For example, if a young person has developed a mental illness as a result of abusing substances, a mental health focused intervention may not be appropriate as it would not be treating the root of the problem or the reason why the young person started to use illegal substances in the first place. Psychiatric and Medical Interventions Psychiatric and medical based interventions refer to the treatment of substance abuse in a young person by a psychiatrist who is medically trained and able to provide an additional dimension of treatment than a psychologist or mental health worker is able to. An example of this is the prescription of methadone, a synthetic opiate that is used to help young people withdraw safely from heroin use. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2007) recommend a psycho-social approach when treating individuals with substance abuse disorder and advocate the use of medication. However, use of medication with young people who are suffering from substance abuse disorders should be used with care due to the risk of dangerous side effects (Webster, 2005). Motivational Interventions Motivational interventions are brief interventions used by professionals to enhance a young person’s motivation to change and stop abusing substances (Tevyaw and Monti, 2004). In a review of the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (Smedslund et al., 2011) it was found that although motivational interviewing techniques were more effective at reducing the extent of future substance abuse when compared to no intervention, the technique was no more effective when compared to other types of intervention. For example, motivational interviewing was no better at reducing extent of substance abuse that simply assessing a patient and providing feedback. The authors reviewed 59 studies that had been accessed from a range of online databases. This is a reasonable number of studies as the body of literature on motivational interviewing as an intervention for substance abuse is quite limited. However, the authors failed to collect evidence on other measures of efficacy such as a redu ction in future criminal prosecution for drug offences or improvement in overall quality of life. The efficacy of motivational interviewing has been studied in young people in particular by McCambridge and Strang (2003). 200 young people from inner city London were randomly allocated to either a motivational interviewing condition or a non-intervention education control condition. All participants were aged between 16 and 20 and were using illegal drugs at the time of the study. The motivational interviewing intervention consisted of a brief, one hour face-to-face interview and self-reported changes in the use of cigarettes, cannabis, alcohol and other drugs was used as the outcome measure both immediately after the interview and at a three month follow up point. It was found that in comparison to the control group, young people who received motivational interviewing as a brief intervention reduced their use of cigarettes, alcohol and cannabis. Although these results initially seem in favour of motivational interviewing as an intervention for young people who have substance abuse issues, it should be noted that self-report measures are very open to bias and it is possible that the reported reduced use of drugs and alcohol was much higher than the actual reduction in use. This was reflected in a follow up study by the same authors 12 months later (McCambridge and Strang, 2005) where it was found that the difference in reduction in substance use between the experimental and control groups found after three months had completely disappeared. This result suggests that although motivational interviewing may be an effective short term intervention for treating young people with substance abuse issues, it has no enduring effectiveness over a long period of time. This may be due to a lack of follow-up support for young people and the brief nature of the intervention. Community-Based Interventions Community drug and alcohol services offer interventions such as comprehensive assessment and recovery care planning, support and care co-ordination,   advice and information, stabilisation, counselling and relapse prevention and motivational interviewing (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). Hepatitis B vaccinations, Hepatitis C testing and referral to treatment for these diseases, are also essential due to the risk of infections through needle sharing. Like most interventions, these community services are aimed at promoting recovery from addiction and enabling the achievement of individual goals, helping individuals to remain healthy, until, with appropriate support, they can achieve a drug-free life. This may involve stabilising service users on prescribed substitute medication to improve withdrawal symptoms and to reduce cravings. In their review of community-based interventions, Jones et al. (2006) found a limit on the effectiveness of such interventions, especially when it ca me to long term and enduring effect for reducing substance abuse. The results suggested that a change in community-based interventions was needed. Morgenstern et al. (2001) found a very high level of satisfaction among community based substance abuse counsellors who had received training in delivering cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) to clients. This suggests that perhaps one way of increasing the effectiveness of community-based interventions would be to equip community-based workers with a wider range of skills with which they can help young people suffering from substance abuse. Supporting this recommendation was a study by Waldron and Kaminer (2004) who found that use of CBT was associated with clinically significant reductions in substance abuse amongst adolescents. Religious Interventions Some interventions are religious in nature. For instance, the United Methodist Church follows a holistic approach which stresses prevention, involvement, treatment, community organization, and advocacy of abstinence. The church could be argued to have a progressive role by offering a spiritual perception on the issue of substance abuse. Another popular religious based approach to tacking alcohol abuse in particular is the 12-step program offered by Alcoholics Anonymous. Individuals are commonly encouraged or possibly even required cut any acquaintances with friends who still use alcohol.  The 12-step programme motivates addicts to stop consuming alcohol or other drugs and also it helps to scrutinize and modify the habits related to their  cause of addiction. Numerous programs accentuate that recovery is a long-lasting process with no culmination. For drugs which are legal such as alcohol, complete abstinence is recommended rather than attempts at  moderation which may cause rel apses. Fiorentine and Hillhouse (2000) found that participants in a 12-step program stayed in future treatment for a much longer period of time and were much more likely to be able to complete a 24-week intervention programme. It was also found that a combination of a 12-step program and an alternative substance abuse intervention was more effective than either treatment alone. This suggests that providing young people with interventions in isolation may not be the most effective way of helping them overcome their substance abuse. However, literature on religious based interventions tends to focus on adults and although still applicable to the treatment of young people in many ways, young people may be put off by the religious nature of these 12-step programmes and may be intimidated by the group nature of the treatment. In support of this criticism, Engle and MacGowan (2009) found that only two out of 13 adolescent group treatments of substance abuse could be categorised as showing potential efficacy in treating young people with these problems. Family-Oriented Interventions It has been argued that the family has a central role in both increasing and reducing the risk of problem behaviours in young people such as substance abuse (Vimpani and Spooner, 2003). A review by Velleman, Templeton and Copello (2005) echoed this view that the family can have both a positive or negative impact on a young person’s risk of substance abuse. Kumpfer, Alvarado and Whiteside (2003) have identified that support for families based within the home, family education and skills training, improving parental behaviour and time-limited family therapy are all highly effective forms of family-based interventions for young people with substance abuse issues. However, as research has shown that the family can also play a role in increasing risk of substance abuse, professionals must be confident that family therapy is suitable and not run the risk of worsening a young person’s relationship with their family and in turn worsening their substance abuse. School-Based Interventions Education about the use of drugs and alcohol within schools has been advocated as a preventative intervention for young people at risk of substance abuse disorder. Fletcher, Bonell and Hargreaves (2008) found that interventions focused around encouraging a positive school environment and improving young peoples’ relationships was associated with a reduction in risky substance abuse. However, part of this conclusion was based on the review of observational studies, which are open to bias and subjectivity. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS This essay has reviewed a number of sources regarding the efficacy and suitability of certain interventions for young people with substance abuse issues. A key limitation of much of the literature is the tendency to put emphasis on drugs as a generic material with very little distinction is made between different types of illicit substances. With the very varied effects of different drugs on the user, it could be argued that the specific reasons for a young person’s drug usage will have an impact on the effects that a drug has. For example, stimulant drugs will most likely be used for nervous system arousal, while other drugs such as alcohol and cannabis are sedatives and cause nervous system depression. These kinds of drugs can be termed as instrumental drugs since the reasons behind their usage correspond to the effect of the different kind of drug that is used (Brick, 2008). Therefore, it might be useful for professionals to base their interventions on the types of substanc e abused. From the above literature review it is evident that there is need for mental healthcare especially to help young people who are adversely affected by the use of drugs and other substance abuse. Some youths suffer from psychiatric disorders as a result of indulgence in drugs and substance abuse. Others experience mental problems that need serious rehabilitation measures taken in order to counter such problems hence emphasis should be laid on the care that is to be given to the young people affected by any of the above problems caused by the abuse of drugs and other substances. Therefore, mental health interventions remain an important intervention for young people. A number of recommended adjustments in healthcare to cater for young people struggling with abuse have been identified. For example, there should be an increased application of various musical strategies in helping patients suffering from various mental health conditions as a result of substance abuse (Connors, Donovan DiClemente, 2001), as this kind of intervention appears to be lacking in use with young people. Another main limitation in research that aims to measure the effectiveness of intervention measures is the lack of control that researchers have. It would be considered unethical if young people with drug abuse problems were randomly allocated to intervention procedures, especially if one was chosen as a control condition and was not believed to be effective in treating substance abuse issues. This means that it can be difficult to compare intervention methods. Another limitation lies in the types of measure researchers’ use to measure effectiveness of intervention methods. For example, a self-report measure may be used to assess whether young people have either stopped or at least reduced their intake of illicit substances. This type of questionnaire may also be used to see if the young people are seeing a positive result from receiving an intervention. However, self-report measures are open to social desirability bias meaning that many young people may fabricate their answer s in order to either please the professionals who are involved with helping them or to conceal ongoing substance abuse. The review has also emphasized the causes or triggers of alcohol and drug abuse among young people in the United Kingdom showing that the environment a young person stays in is one of the greatest factors that lead to indulgence in alcohol, drug and substance abuse. Other factors like enjoyment, peer pressure, promotions in the media and rebellion are also causes of alcohol, drug and substance abuse among the youth in the United Kingdom (Gurnack, Atkinson and Osgood, 2002). More focus on these root causes could help improve prevention and reduce the need for later intervention, which has a poor track record of success. Finally, there is need according to the literature review to improve media perception of mental health patients in order to help alleviate the conditions of psychiatric disorders that are caused by the indulgence of young people in alcohol, drug and substance abuse (Berglund and Thelander, 2003). This doesn’t indicate failure in the mental nursing services but it just implies that mental health workers and psychiatrists need reinforcement in order to positively contribute to successful intervention (Califano, 2007).   This suggestion is based on the need for a more holistic approach when it comes to treating young people with substance abuse issues, where the effect on all areas of their life including their mental health must be taken into account during intervention. Strengths of this Critical Literature Review Secondary data was reviewed in this project, which provided larger scope on choices of information for the project. In addition this review was able to identify key areas for improvement of health condition interventions for youths affected by substance abuse. Limitations of this Critical Literature Review This literature review was small in scale, since word and time limits were set. Although 23 articles were selected for review, this number could have been improved. 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APPENDICES Appendix A Search Term: â€Å"Drugs and substance abuse.†    Source Number of Relevant Hits Department of Health 0 NHS Evidence 5597 PsychINFO 22 PubMed 2337 Google Scholar 1,070,000 Nursing.net 4435 Nursing and Midwifery Council 59 Royal College of Psychiatrists 477 Royal College of Nursing library services 1,753    Search Term: â€Å"Alcohol Abuse.†    Source Number of Relevant Hits Department of Health 0 NHS Evidence 6893 PsychINFO 92 PubMed 87,995 Google Scholar 1,480,000 Nursing.net 1760 Nursing and Midwifery Council 138 Royal College of Psychiatrists 629 Royal College of Nursing library services 1,654 Search Term: â€Å"Effects of alcohol abuse.†    Source Number of Relevant Hits Department of Health 0 NHS Evidence 5476 PsychINFO 31 PubMed 21,363 Google Scholar 1,430,000 Nursing.net 8502 Nursing and Midwifery Council 40 Royal College of Psychiatrists 531 Royal College of Nursing library services 2,590    Search term: â€Å"Intervention measures for drugs and substance abuse.†    Source Number of Relevant Hits Department of Health 0 NHS Evidence 3169 PsychINFO 3 PubMed 215 Google Scholar 174,000 Nursing.net 7672 Nursing and Midwifery Council 23 Royal College of Psychiatrists 302 Royal College of Nursing library services 3,250       Appendix B    Title First Author Publication Year 1 Drug treatment and twelve-step program participation: the additive effects of integrated recovery activities. Fiorentine 2000 2 A critical review of adolescent substance abuse group treatments. Engle 2009 3 Co-occuring severe mental illness and substance use disorders: A review of recent research. RachBeisel 1999 4 Statistics for young people in specialist drug and alcohol services in England 2011-12 National Drug Treatment Monitoring System 2012 5 Substance abuse in young people. Gilvarry 2000 6 The efficacy of single-session motivational interviewing in reducing drug consumption and perceptions of drug-related risk and harm among young people: results from a multi-site cluster randomised trial. McCambridge 2004 7 The role of the family in preventing and interviewing with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family intervention, with a focus on young people. Velleman 2005 8 School effects on young people’s drug use: a systematic review of intervention and observational studies. Fletcher 2008 9 A review of community-based interventions to reduce substance misuse among vulnerable and disadvantaged young people. Jones 2006 10 Motivational enhancement and other brief interventions for adolescent substance abuse: foundations, applications and evaluations. Tevyaw 2004 11 Motivational interviewing for substance abuse. Smedslund 2011 12 On the learning curve: the emerging evidence supporting cognitive-behavioural therapies for adolescent substance abuse. Waldron 2004 13 Testing the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment for substance abuse in a community setting: within treatment and posttreatment findings. Morgenstern 2001 14 Family-based interventions for substance use and misuse prevention. Kumpfer 2003 15 Deterioration over time in effect of Motivational Interviewing in reducing drug consumption and related risk among young people. McCambridge 2005 16 Drug misuse: psychosocial interventions: full guideline. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence 2007 17 Substance abuse treatment and the stages of change: Selecting and planning interventions. Connors 2001

Response to "Is the American Dream Over" Essay

Response to "Is the American Dream Over" - Essay Example The primary question is â€Å"is the American Dream Over?† Whereas this question has been asked over and over by different scholars, there seems to lack a definite answer to this question. This is because different authors and scholars seem to have a different definition of the topic â€Å"The American Dream.† However, Cal goes on to explain define what American Dream is. He argues that American Dream simply means fulfilling one’s life objectives. However, he goes on to claim that the institutional frameworks of the American government have been so corrupted that it is impossible for the common American person to achieve the American Dream. The question â€Å"Is American Dream Over† is arguably a debatable question at issue. This is because the question brings about the room for debate on both sides of the issue. For example, in his work Cal actually points to the possibility of old and new definitions of American dream and then takes on the modern definition. He however goes on to explain why he believes that the American dream died long time ago because of the challenges facing the modern American citizen. This opens up room for debate because, a significant number of Americans are actually living a life of their dreams. Indeed, it can be debated that American dream has been achieved to some extent. However, the question at issue also overlaps as a controversial issue because it opens wide the room for criticizing the government for the failure of Americans to achieve the American dream The issue of American dream is a question at issue because it provides a good and fair basis in which both proponents and opponents can exchange intellectual fists. Indeed, the question of whether American dream is alive or dead has received equal measure of debate from both sides. In his side, Cal gives reason such as lack of â€Å"employment, overspending, overtaxing, and overregulating government† as some of the reasons why American